On the Sublime by Longinus
Introduction
Cassius Longinus's treatise, On the Sublime, is a profound exploration of literary greatness. It is said that Longinus has written this treatise in the form of a letter (epistolary piece) to Terentianus. This work belongs to the first century AD. It focuses on the concept of the sublime, a quality that transcends ordinary language and evokes profound emotional responses in readers. This concept of sublimity encompasses various forms of greatness, whether intellectual, moral, or artistic. Longinus aims to dissect the components that contribute to achieving this elevated state in writing. Here is the detailed summary and analysis of Longinus's On the Sublime.
Defining sublime
Longinus defines the sublime as a quality that elevates language beyond the ordinary, originating from a profound and lofty soul. It's an echo of a great mind, aiming not just for distinct and excellent composition but also for the ability to move readers, evoking both pleasure and persuasion.
Sources of Sublimity
Great Conceptions: The grandeur of thought is foundational. Lofty and natural expressions arise from noble thoughts, emphasizing the importance of a writer's imagination and interpretation of nature.
Vehement Emotion/Passion: Genuine and strong emotions expressed in elevated language are crucial to match the grandeur of the subject and style.
Use of Figures of Speech: Properly used figures of speech amplify elevated expressions, provided they're integrated naturally and contextually.
Noble Diction: Carefully chosen words and language style that correspond to the subject matter and emotions impart grandeur and beauty to the writing.
Dignified Composition: A rhythmic and harmonious arrangement of words enhances persuasion and pleasure, allowing readers to engage emotionally with the author's work.
Differentiating True Sublime from False Sublime
Longinus also identifies factors leading to false sublimity. The factors are as follows:
Tumidity: Overblown or inflated language that lacks substance.
Puerility: Forced attempts by writers to showcase their skills resulting in unnatural expressions.
Parenthyrsus: Sudden, excessive bursts of emotion that disrupt the flow without a contextual or emotional basis.
Defects of Style: Lack of sincerity in pursuit of fashionable style.
Authorship and Legacy
The authorship of On the Sublime remains uncertain, attributed to Longinus or Pseudo-Longinus. It should be noted that the early versions of the text state the author as Dionysius or Longinus. The work encompasses analyses of various authors, including Homer and writers from different cultures. It explores the necessity of moral excellence for sublime writing and the impact of freedom on eloquence.
Evolution and Reception
The treatise's journey spans centuries, from being misattributed to various authors to its rediscovery in the Baroque era, where the pursuit of the sublime became a significant goal in literature. The treatise's teachings profoundly influenced Dryden and Pope, shaping their perception of literary excellence.
Conclusion
Longinus's exploration of the sublime in writing offers a timeless framework for understanding literary greatness. The components he outlines, from profound thoughts to emotional depth and linguistic finesse, continue to resonate in exemplary works across cultures and epochs. On the Sublime remains a guiding light for writers striving to achieve depth and elevation in their craft.
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